Radiative properties of densely packed spheres in semitransparent media: A new geometric optics approach

This contribution presents a new Ray-tracing method for calculating effective radiative properties of densely packed spheres in non-absorbing or semitransparent host medium. The method is restricted to the geometric optic objects and neglects the wave effects. The effective radiative properties such as the absorption and scattering coefficients, and phase function are retrieved from the calculation of mean-free paths of scattering and absorption, and the angular scattering probability of radiation propagating in the dispersed medium. The model accounts for the two geometric effects called here as non-point scattering and ray transportation effects. The successful comparison of the current model with data of radiative properties and transmittances of particle beds in a non-absorbing medium reported in the literature confirm its suitability. It is shown that: (i) for opaque or absorbing particles (not systematically opaque), the non-point scattering is the dominant geometric effects whereas both non-point scattering and ray transportation effects occur for weakly absorbing and transparent particles. In the later cases, these two geometric effects oppose and may cancel out. This may explain why the Independent scattering theory works well for packed of quasi-transparent particles; (ii) the non-point scattering and ray transportation effects can be captured through the scattering and absorption coefficients while using the classical form of phase function. This enables using the standard radiative transfer equation (RTE); (iii) the surrounding medium absorption can be accounted for without any homogenization rule. It contributes to increasing the effective absorption coefficient of the composite medium as expected but, at the same time, it reduces the particle extinction; and (iv) the current transfer calculation predicts remarkably the results of direct Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. This study tends therefore to confirm that the RTE can be applied to densely packed media by using effective radiative properties.     

坦克装甲车辆对试验测试技术的需求

针对装甲车辆对在线监测和离线检测技术的需求,分析了新时期坦克装甲车辆的地位作用、系统组成、关键技术及技术发展趋势。在此基础上,提出了现代坦克装甲车辆部件、系统至整车研制中对力、扭矩、流量测量和路面障碍探测等关键试验测试技术的具体要求。指出只有将试验测试技术和装备技术深度融合,研发专用传感器及测试系统,才能满足新型装甲装备技术发展。     

An inflow-outflow characterization of inhomogeneous permeable beds

It is proposed that the inflow to and outflow from a permeable bed be related by an integral. For vanishing fluid velocities, it is linear and its kernel is a material property characterizing the bed. Some of the properties of the kernel are considered here. The approach is particularly useful for tilted, fractured and other inhomogeneous beds, since no continuum characteristics need be assumed. The effects of nonlinearity are also discussed.     

三种红层岩石常规三轴压缩下的强度与变形特性研究

利用MTS815Teststar程控伺服岩石力学试验系统研究了川东地区一红层边坡中的砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩围压为0³MPa的应力-应变全过程曲线,建立了峰值强度、峰值强度前弹性模量以及峰值强度后的弹性模量和围压的关系。将低围压下红层的全应力-应变曲线概化成5个阶段,分别为压密段、弹性段、屈服段、应变软化段和塑性流动阶段。试验结果得出,红层弹性模量随围压的增加而提高且变化明显,砂岩和粉砂岩在此围压内为脆性破坏,泥岩为塑性破坏的规律。     

Instability of Sedimenting Bidisperse Particle Gas Suspensions

A linear stability analysis for a sedimenting bidisperse gas-solid suspension (or gas fluidized bed) is performed. Mass, momentum and energy conservation equations for each of the two species are derived using constitutive equations that are valid at high Stokes numbers, (St₁ 1). The homogeneous suspension becomes unstable at sufficiently large St₁ to waves of particle volume fraction with the wave number in the vertical direction. Numerical calculations of the growth rate in an unbounded suspension indicate that the marginal stability limits are controlled by the small wave number (k 1) behavior. Depending on the Stokes number and the volume fractions ₁ and ₂ of the two species, the suspension becomes unstable due to O(k) or O(k²) contributions to the growth rate. The O(k) term corresponds to an instability due to kinematic waves similar to that predicted for bidisperse suspensions of particles in viscous liquids [22]. The O(k²) contribution represents an instability to dynamic waves similar to that obtained from an analysis of averaged equations for monodisperse fluidized beds [4].     

纸类废弃物流化床热解气化研究

为开发低污染城市生活垃圾气化熔融处理技术,对城市生活垃圾中广泛存在的废纸组分进行了流化床热解与气化试验.在400～700℃、过量空气系数0～0.8的范围内,分析反应产物特性及其变化规律.结果表明,随热解温度的提高,热解油与热解气产量增大,热解炭产量减小,热解温度达到600℃及以上时,热解气产量达到60%左右;气化温度700℃、过量空气系数0.6时,气化效率最高,达到32%,此时气化气热值为2150 kJ/Nm3,固定碳转化率80%,气化气产率为2.3 Nm3/kg.     

基于镍基载氧体的串行流化床煤化学链燃烧实验

以NiO/Al₂O₃为载氧体,在1 kW_th串行流化床反应器上进行了煤化学链燃烧实验,通过四个参数:碳转换效率η_C,coal、煤气化产物的转换效率、碳捕集效率η_C,cap及煤燃烧效率η_combust对煤燃烧过程进行表征,考察了燃料反应器温度t_FR、过量空气系数α、隔离器水煤比S_LS/C、燃料反应器水煤比S_FR/C和热负荷等参数的影响。结果表明,t_FR和S_LS/C的增大有利于煤气化产物的转换;t_FR、α和S_LS/C的增大有助于η_C,coal的提高,随着S_FR/C由0.8增加到1.8,η_C,coal呈先增加再减小的趋势,并在S_FR/C=1.2达到最大值;η_combust和η_C,coal变化趋势保持一致,主要受飞灰含碳量中残碳损失的影响;t_FR提高有助于提高η_C,cap,而α和S_LS/C的增大使得η_C,cap降低。     

Dynamical features of the solid motion in gas–solid risers

The trajectories of a solid tracer with the same characteristics as the circulating solids in the risers of two pilot-scale circulating fluidized beds (CFBs), obtained by the computer automated radioactive particle tracking (CARPT) technique, are examined in detail to get further insights into the complex solids dynamics of these systems. The analysis uses tools from the theory of non-linear dynamics and symbolic dynamics. Distinct features of the solids dynamics within the fast fluidization and the dilute phase transport flow regimes are highlighted and related to the operating conditions. The possibility of downflow cluster existence within the central region of the riser is particularly examined.     

EXTERNAL-LOOP AIRLIFT MAGNETICALLY STABILIZED BED——MINIMUM STABILIZATION AND FLUIDIZATION CONDITIONS

Experimental study of an airlift with a magnetically stabilized bed in the riser bottom has been performed. External magnetic field allows easy control of magnetized bed structure and liquid circulation rate. Minimum stabilization and fluidization conditions have been determined experimentally and by a three-line graphical method. Semi-empirical data correlations of sections of the experimental curves have been performed. Scaling relationships known from non-magnetic airlift are applicable too, but with the assumption that the magnetic field affects the loop friction coefficient only.     

近水平红层路堑边坡滑动机理和防治对策

以广南高速宋家坡挖方堑坡岩体失稳为例,提出了近水平岩层的概念,总结了红层近水平岩体堑坡开挖造成部分岩体沿层面失稳的机理,提出了相应的防治方法。对此类工程的勘察、设计和施工具有一定的指导意义。